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Office InfoPath 2007 is designed to work seamlessly with Microsoft Office Outlook 2007. If you publish a form template to a list of e-mail recipients, users can perform a variety of form-related tasks within Office Outlook 2007, including the following: |
[ Microsoft Office ] [ Tuesday 10th July 2007 ] [ Visit : 2763 ]
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C++ provides the following classes to perform output and input of characters to/from files:
ofstream: Stream class to write on files
ifstream: Stream class to read from files
fstream: Stream class to both read and write from/to files.
These classes are derived directly or indirectly from the classes istream, and ostream. We have already used objects whose types were these classes: cin is an object of class istream and cout is an object of class ostream. Therfore, we have already been using classes that are related to our file streams. And in fact, we can use our file streams the same way we are already used to use cin and cout, with the only difference that we have to associate these streams with physical files. Let's see an example
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[ Microsoft .NET ] [ Monday 02nd July 2007 ] [ Visit : 1267 ]
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Preprocessor directives are lines included in the code of our programs that are not program statements but directives for the preprocessor. These lines are always preceded by a pound sign (#). The preprocessor is executed before the actual compilation of code begins, therefore the preprocessor digests all these directives before any code is generated by the statements.
These preprocessor directives extend only across a single line of code. As soon as a newline character is found, the preprocessor directive is considered to end. No semicolon (;) is expected at the end of a preprocessor directive. The only way a preprocessor directive can extend through more than one line is by preceding the newline character at the end of the line by a backslash (\).
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[ Microsoft .NET ] [ Monday 02nd July 2007 ] [ Visit : 555 ]
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Converting an expression of a given type into another type is known as type-casting. We have already seen some ways to type cast: |
[ Microsoft .NET ] [ Monday 02nd July 2007 ] [ Visit : 883 ]
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Exceptions provide a way to react to exceptional circumstances (like runtime errors) in our program by transferring control to special functions called handlers.
To catch exceptions we must place a portion of code under exception inspection. This is done by enclosing that portion of code in a try block. When an exceptional circumstance arises within that block, an exception is thrown that transfers the control to the exception handler. If no exception is thrown, the code continues normally and all handlers are ignored
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[ Microsoft .NET ] [ Monday 02nd July 2007 ] [ Visit : 481 ]
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Namespaces allow to group entities like classes, objects and functions under a name. This way the global scope can be divided in "sub-scopes", each one with its own name.
The format of namespaces is... |
[ Microsoft .NET ] [ Monday 02nd July 2007 ] [ Visit : 816 ]
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Function templates are special functions that can operate with generic types. This allows us to create a function template whose functionality can be adapted to more than one type or class without repeating the entire code for each type.
In C++ this can be achieved using template parameters. A template parameter is a special kind of parameter that can be used to pass a type as argument: just like regular function parameters can be used to pass values to a function, template parameters allow to pass also types to a function. These function templates can use these parameters as if they were any other regular type
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[ Microsoft .NET ] [ Monday 02nd July 2007 ] [ Visit : 5 ]
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Before getting into this section, it is recommended that you have a proper understanding of pointers and class inheritance. If any of the following statements seem strange to you, you should review the indicated sections |
[ Microsoft .NET ] [ Monday 02nd July 2007 ] [ Visit : 639 ]
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In principle, private and protected members of a class cannot be accessed from outside the same class in which they are declared. However, this rule does not affect friends.
Friends are functions or classes declared as such.
If we want to declare an external function as friend of a class, thus allowing this function to have access to the private and protected members of this class, we do it by declaring a prototype of this external function within the class, and preceding it with the keyword friend:
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[ HTML & CSS ] [ Monday 02nd July 2007 ] [ Visit : 152 ]
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The overload of operators does not force its operation to bear a relation to the mathematical or usual meaning of the operator, although it is recommended. For example, the code may not be very intuitive if you use operator + to subtract two classes or operator== to fill with zeros a class, although it is perfectly possible to do so.
Although the prototype of a function operator+ can seem obvious since it takes what is at the right side of the operator as the parameter for the operator member function of the object at its left side, other operators may not be so obvious. Here you have a table with a summary on how the different operator functions have to be declared (replace @ by the operator in each case):
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[ Microsoft .NET ] [ Monday 02nd July 2007 ] [ Visit : 141 ]
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